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1. Benefits of using SPF (e.g appearance of skin & internal eg melanoma/cancer prevention) Dileesha and Monet
-Benefits of spf - dot points
-Statistics for melanoma - for adolescents (may be in picture format)
-ABCDE of melanoma: Skin check - pictures
-contact Info - referral to gp + phone number, cancer council, cancer.org.au, cancervic.org.au
cancer council and information and support +13 11 20 - on sunsmart.com.au (video on checking skin cancer/ how to check your skin at home)
Benefits of using SPF
Exposure to UV rays can result in premature ageing.
Using sunscreen can prevent and minimize photodamaging and can help protect against visible signs of photoaging effects on the skin.
An SPF of 30 can provide 97% protection from UVB rays, and an SPF of 50 can provide 98% protection from UVB rays
Shanbhag, S., Nayak, A., Narayan, R., & Nayak, U. Y. (2019). Anti-aging and Sunscreens: Paradigm Shift in Cosmetics. Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin, 9(3), 348–359. https://doi.org/10.15171/apb.2019.042
Helps with keeping complexation even by preventing hyperpigmentation
sunscreen can improve melasma and that oral antioxidants may also have a role in preventing photoexacerbation of melasma
Fatima, S., Braunberger, T., Mohammad, T. F., Kohli, I., & Hamzavi, I. H. (2020). The Role of Sunscreen in Melasma and Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation. Indian journal of dermatology, 65(1), 5–10. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijd.IJD_295_18
Or
Did You Know:
Benefits of using Sunscreen SPF 50+:
Shields against getting sunburnt
Prevents premature skin aging in the form of photodamage, which is the process where the unprotected skin is damaged internally due to long term exposure to the sun’s ultraviolet radiation (Perugini et al., 2019). Signs of photodamage include:
Wrinkles
Changes in skin texture
Uneven skin tone, due to hyperpigmentation or discoloration.
Reduces the risk of various types of skin cancer (Melanoma, BBC, SCC).
How To Check for Skin Cancer:
Use Google search phrase “SunSmart Video- Checking for Skin Cancer - How to check your skin”.
Use the ABCDE Tool for melanoma detection
Retrieved from: https://www.facethefuture.co.uk/blog/skin-cancer-early-detection/
Who to contact for more information and support:
Your local GP
Cancer Council +13 11 20
www.cancer.org.au
www.cancervic.org.au
www.sunsmart.com.au
References:
Perugini, P., Bonetti, M., Cozzi, A. C., & Colombo, G. L. (2019). Topical Sunscreen Application Preventing Skin Cancer: Systematic Review. Cosmetics, 6(3), 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics6030042
* This is seen in the form of a tan or darkening of the skin upon unprotected sun exposure, and occurs due to the excitation of the melanocyte cells by UVR which results in them producing more melanin to cover the DNA of skin cells
Skin Cancer:
Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer diagnosed in Australia. Australia has one of the highest rates of skin cancer in the world with 2 in 3 Australians estimated to get some form of skin cancer by the age of 70 (AIHW, 2016; MIA, 2018). While these numbers appear significantly high, the fatality rate associated with skin cancer is low (AIHW, 2016).
The Skin
To understand how skin cancer develops it is imperative to have a basic understanding of what the skin is made up of to enable us to conceptualise the changes happening deep within it. The skin is the body’s largest organ and a very sophisticated one. It consists of two layers, the epidermis and the dermis. The epidermis is the top layer, and is made up of several sub-layers or strata. It contains many specialised cells like melanocytes which produce the pigment melanin that gives skin its unique colour. Melanin also has a vital role in protecting the DNA of skin cells from damage by the sun’s ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Skin damage can be seen in the form of a tan or darkening of the skin (UVA, UVB link: (Li et al., 2019) article has difference between chemical and physical SPF)
Below the epidermis lays the second layer known as the dermis. The dermis is divided into two layers, the upper region is the papillary dermis and the lower one is the reticular dermis. The dermis houses sweat glands, hair follicle roots, nerve endings, blood capillaries, collagen and elastin fibres. Blood capillaries in the dermis play an important role in keeping the epidermal layer alive by transporting nutrients to it. Blood capillaries also act as a transporting medium for cancer cells(for melanoma cancer cells) which facilitates their spread to other parts of the body. This process is referred to by health professionals as metastasis.
The skin has many functions. These functions are regulation of the body’s temperature, collection of sensory information from the surrounding environment (i.e. touch, temperature changes, pain), and a protective barrier against external assaults like pollution, pathogens and UVR.
How does skin cancer happen?
https://www.sunsmart.com.au/skin-cancer/checking-for-skin-cancer
Evidence indicates that exposure to UVR without proper use of sun protection triggers the formation of malignant skin cells (Saginala et al., 2021). Skin cancer usually develops in the epidermal layer of the skin when abnormal skin cells grow and multiply in an uncontrolled manner. When left undiagnosed for a prolonged period of time these cells could metastasise or spread to and invade other healthy parts of the body resulting in further damage. This is more commonly seen in melanoma and infrequently in basal cell carcinoma which are types of skin cancer (AIHW, 2016).
There are three main types of skin cancer classified into two categories of skin cancer (D’Orazio et al., 2013):
1. Non-melanoma:
§ Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)
§ Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
2. Melanoma
Non-melanoma skin cancers are the most common form of skin cancer diagnosed in Australia. BCC has a highest incidence rate while melanoma has the lowest (AIHW, 2016).
1. Non-melanoma
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
2. Melanoma
2. Melanoma
Melanoma makes up 1-2% of the total skin cancer cases diagnosed yearly in Australia (AIHW, 2016). It is the deadliest form of skin cancer due to its ability to spread rapidly and invade healthy tissue (D’Orazio et al., 2013). This makes early diagnosis and treatment critical factors which could save lives. A helpful diagnostic tool to check for signs of melanoma is the ABCDE Melanoma Tool which is discussed below. This tool describes the characteristic signs of melanoma and what to look for when conducting a self-assessment.
Who does it affect?
§ It is most common form of skin cancer which affects individuals aged between 20 to 39 years of age (MIA, 2018).
§ Men are more susceptible to developing melanomas than women (AIHW, 2021). This is attributed to a higher rate of men working and participating in outdoor work or recreational activities (AIHW, 2016).
§ People who have more than ten moles on their bodies, as melanomas can arise from pre-existing moles.
How does it start?
Exposure to UVR is the primary factor in the development of Melanoma. Melanoma develops when specialised pigment producing skin cells called melanocytes grow uncontrollably in an abnormal fashion in the basal layer of the epidermis (Saginala et al., 2021). Melanocytes are the cells that produce melanin, which is the pigment that gives skin its colour and protects it against sun damage, hence where the name melanoma originates (AIHW, 2016). Over exposure to UVR, specifically UVB, causes melanocyte to over produce melanin to protect the cells’ DNA from damage and this results in a suntan, or a sunburn when the damage is severe
How to check for Melanoma?
The ABCDE Melanoma tool is a
Who is at risk (Risk Factors)?
Who is at risk (Risk Factors)?
Individuals who are more susceptible to skin cancer are those who:
§ Have a history of sunburns
§ Have a history of unprotected sun exposure at a younger age.
§ Have fair or lighter skin, coloured eyes, freckles, or blond or red hear. Individuals with darker skin are 10 times less susceptible to develop skin cancer than individuals with lighter skin or lighter Fitzpatrick skin types (Saginala et al., 2021; Sommers et al., 2019).
§ Have a family or personal history of skin cancer.
§ Have many moles on their bodies. (Saginala et al., 2021)
§ Are over the age of 65, except for melanoma skin cancer which is more common in individuals between the age of 20 to 39 (MIA, 2018; Saginala et al., 2021).
What are the Signs?
What are the Signs?
Common warning signs are an itchy, scaly, ulcerated, painful lesion
Non-Melanoma specific signs:
(Place image here and dot point explanation)
Melanoma specific signs: (Saginala et al., 2021)
Asymmetry
Border irregularity
Colour
Diameter
Evolution
Prevention through photoprotection
Prevention through photoprotection
Sun Protection
Sun Protection
There is a high correlation between unprotected sun exposure and skin cancer, highlighting the importance of sun protection as a crucial step in reducing the risk of developing skin cancer. Studies show daily sunscreen application can significantly reduce the rate of SCC, and moderately reduce the risk of developing BCC and melanoma (Li et al., 2019; Iannacone et al., 2014). Therefore, it is recommended to use other forms of sun protection in addition to sunscreen to maximise protection. Below is a list of various forms of sun protection and recommendations on how and when to use them. { + the image with UVR levels and different SPF forms}
Ø Sunscreen (broad-spectrum protection covering UVA and UVB applied appropriately for even skin coverage (Li et al., 2019))
Ø Sunglasses
Ø Wide brimmed hat
Ø Seeking shade
Ø Protective clothing
sites.google.com/d/1jV8ewc9bjtSz4ePJikTrpx27r7HEKTZV/p/1QvQA79Fb25r_zeEZZ4jUzRsvEYAhGsyz/edit
Sunscreen is an essential step in a smart skin care routine as it protects the skin from the sun's damaging ultraviolet radiation (UVR).
UVR consists of three forms which are UVC, UVA, and UVB. The main forms of UVR associated with skin damage are UVA and UVB.
Sunscreen Tips: (Li et al., 2019; Cancer Council???? How to cite)
§ Wear a minimum of SPF30 or higher when outdoors, or indoors near windows and reflective surfaces.
§ Apply a sufficient amount of sunscreen to evenly cover skin. 35 ml or 7 teaspoons is recommended for a full body application. Inadequate application will reduce photoprotection effect.
§ Apply sunscreen 15-30 minutes before intended sun exposure.
§ Re-apply sunscreen according to time interval recommended on the sunscreen container.
§ Re-apply after sweating, swimming, or when product has been wiped off by friction.
§ Check expiration date on container
§ Do not leave sunscreen for more than 8 hours in hot places like the car as intense heat could affect its effectiveness. Sunscreen should be stored at room temperature.
Video or image or both. Information on video caption, also on image (blue and yellow Cancer council one)
How to do a DIY skin check?
How to do a DIY skin check?
Sun smart Video also the images
https://carecover.in/what-is-skin-cancer-and-its-symptoms/
For the sun smart downloadable app:
Sunscreen and Photoaging
Sunscreen and Photoaging
Sun-induced skin aging is clinically and histologically distinct from the natural aging process of the skin. Chronologically aged skin is characterized by fine wrinkling and thinning due to loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue 5 and is generally smooth and unblemished 32, while photoaging results in dry, leathery skin, irregularly pigmented with coarse wrinkling due to the loss of skin elasticity 32, 33. Histologically, the accumulation of degraded elastotic material in the dermis, termed dermal elastosis, is widely accepted as the chief distinguishing feature of photoaged skin (Iannacone et al., 2014).
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/phpp.12109
References for website:
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). (2021). Cancer data in Australia. Retrieved from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/cancer/cancer-data-in-australia
Skin cancer in Australia (full publication; 21jul2016 edition) (AIHW)
Really good one about sunscreen and ingredients. Physical vs chemical
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6773941/
Shanbhag, S., Nayak, A., Narayan, R., & Nayak, U. Y. (2019). Anti-aging and Sunscreens: Paradigm Shift in Cosmetics. Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 9(3), 348–359. https://doi.org/10.15171/apb.2019.042
(Shanbhag et al., 2019)
Really good one with prevention, risk factor,
Saginala, K., Barsouk, A., Aluru, J. S., Rawla, P., & Barsouk, A. (2021). Epidemiology of Melanoma. Medical Sciences, 9(4), 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci9040063
(Saginala et al., 2021)
Sander, M., Sander, M., Burbidge, T., & Beecker, J. (2020). The efficacy and safety of sunscreen use for the prevention of skin cancer. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 192(50), E1802–E1808. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.201085
(Sander et al., 2020)
Sommers, M. S., Fargo, J. D., Regueira, Y., Brown, K. M., Beacham, B. L., Perfetti, A. R., Everett, J. S., & Margolis, D. J. (2019). Are the Fitzpatrick Skin Phototypes Valid for Cancer Risk Assessment in a Racially and Ethnically Diverse Sample of Women? Ethnicity & Disease, 29(3), 505–512. https://doi.org/10.18865/ed.29.3.505
(Sommers et al., 2019)
Iannacone, M. R., Hughes, M. C. B., & Green, A. C. (2014). Effects of sunscreen on skin cancer and photoaging. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine, 30(2-3), 55–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/phpp.12109
(Iannacone et al., 2014)
*** Li, H., Colantonio, S., Dawson, A., Lin, X., & Beecker, J. (2019). Sunscreen Application, Safety, and Sun Protection: The Evidence. Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery, 23(4), 357–369. https://doi.org/10.1177/1203475419856611
(Li et al., 2019)
Matthews, N. H., Li, W.-Q., Qureshi, A. A., Weinstock, M. A., & Cho, E. (2017). Epidemiology of Melanoma. Cutaneous Melanoma: Etiology and Therapy, 3–22. https://doi.org/10.15586/codon.cutaneousmelanoma.2017.ch1
(Matthews et al., 2017)
Kyrgidis, A. (2017). Melanoma Epidemiology. Cutaneous Melanoma, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-804000-3.00001-6
(Kyrgidis, 2017)
Pandey A;Jatana GK;Sonthalia S. (2021, August 11). Cosmeceuticals. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31334943/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31334943/
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